Contents
Irregular verbs play a crucial role in English grammar. These verbs do not follow the usual rules for forming past tenses. Instead, each irregular verb has its own unique form. Understanding these can help you construct grammatically correct sentences.
This reference covers everything about irregular verbs, including their base forms, simple past, and past participles. You’ll find lists, formation rules, examples, and tips for learning and memorizing them.
What Are Irregular Verbs?
Base Form
Irregular verbs in English are unique because they do not follow the standard pattern of regular verbs. Unlike regular verbs, which consistently end in “-ed” for both the simple past and past participle forms, irregular verbs take on various forms.
Some common irregular verbs include:
- Be
- Eat
- Get
- Know
- Wear
These verbs diverge from the regular verb pattern in their base form and have unique conjugations.
Simple Past
The simple past tense of irregular verbs varies from one verb to another. To convey actions or states in the past, learning each individual irregular verb form is crucial. Some examples of irregular verbs in their simple past tense are:
- Be -> was/were
- Eat -> ate
- Get -> got
- Know -> knew
- Wear -> wore
Memorizing these forms is essential for proper communication in past tense, as they do not follow the “-ed” pattern found in regular verbs.
Past Participle
Similarly, the past participle of irregular verbs also deviates from the regular verb pattern. The past participle form is commonly used in perfect tenses, passive voice, and as adjectives. Here are the irregular verbs mentioned earlier in their past participle form:
- Be -> been
- Eat -> eaten
- Get -> gotten
- Know -> known
- Wear -> worn
As the past participle forms of irregular verbs differ significantly from regular verbs ending in “-ed,” it is important to learn and practice these variations to maintain clear and effective communication in English.
Irregular Verbs List
Irregular verbs in English don’t follow the usual -ed ending found in regular verbs. Instead, they change their form completely. This list helps you recognize and remember them better.
Common irregular verbs include:
- Be (was/were, been)
- Do (did, done)
- Find (found, found)
- Go (went, gone)
- Have (had, had)
Here’s a more detailed list:
| Base Form | Past Simple | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| arise | arose | arisen |
| awake | awoke | awoken |
| be | was/were | been |
| bear | bore | borne/born |
| beat | beat | beaten |
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| bend | bent | bent |
| bet | bet | bet |
| bite | bit | bitten |
| bleed | bled | bled |
| blow | blew | blown |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| burn | burnt/burned | burnt/burned |
| burst | burst | burst |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| cling | clung | clung |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| creep | crept | crept |
| cut | cut | cut |
| deal | dealt | dealt |
| dig | dug | dug |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| dream | dreamt/dreamed | dreamt/dreamed |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feed | fed | fed |
| feel | felt | felt |
| fight | fought | fought |
| find | found | found |
| flee | fled | fled |
| fling | flung | flung |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forbid | forbade | forbidden |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| freeze | froze | frozen |
| get | got | got/gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| grow | grew | grown |
| hang | hung | hung |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| hide | hid | hidden |
| hit | hit | hit |
| hold | held | held |
| hurt | hurt | hurt |
| keep | kept | kept |
| kneel | knelt/kneeled | knelt/kneeled |
| know | knew | known |
| lay | laid | laid |
| lead | led | led |
| lean | leant/leaned | leant/leaned |
| leap | leapt/leaped | leapt/leaped |
| learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned |
| leave | left | left |
| lend | lent | lent |
| let | let | let |
| lie | lay | lain |
| light | lit/lighted | lit/lighted |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| mean | meant | meant |
| meet | met | met |
| pay | paid | paid |
| put | put | put |
| quit | quit | quit |
| read | read | read |
| ride | rode | ridden |
| ring | rang | rung |
| rise | rose | risen |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| seek | sought | sought |
| sell | sold | sold |
| send | sent | sent |
| set | set | set |
| shake | shook | shaken |
| shine | shone | shone |
| shoot | shot | shot |
| show | showed | shown |
| shrink | shrank | shrunk |
| shut | shut | shut |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sink | sank | sunk |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| slide | slid | slid |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| spin | spun | spun |
| spit | spat | spat |
| split | split | split |
| spread | spread | spread |
| stand | stood | stood |
| steal | stole | stolen |
| stick | stuck | stuck |
| sting | stung | stung |
| stink | stank | stunk |
| strike | struck | struck/stricken |
| swear | swore | sworn |
| sweep | swept | swept |
| swim | swam | swum |
| swing | swung | swung |
| take | took | taken |
| teach | taught | taught |
| tear | tore | torn |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| throw | threw | thrown |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
Using this list, you can identify common patterns and exceptions. This will improve your writing and speaking skills. Keep practicing and referring to the list as needed.
Irregular Verbs: Formation Rules and Patterns
Irregular verbs in English do not follow a typical pattern. Regular verbs form their simple past and past participle by adding “-ed” or just “-d” to the base form. Irregular verbs, on the other hand, have unique tense forms and past participles.
Grouping irregular verbs by similarities in their past simple forms helps in learning. For example, the verbs ‘buy’, ‘bring’, and ‘think’ all have the “-ought” ending in their past simple forms: ‘bought’, ‘brought’, and ‘thought’. Identifying such patterns makes it easier to memorize and recall these forms.
Some irregular verbs have identical base and past participle forms, such as ‘run’, ‘come’, ‘become’, and ‘overcome’. These should be noted separately to avoid errors when forming the past tense and past participle forms.
While there are no strict rules for irregular verbs, understanding and recognizing common patterns can help. Some examples include:
Pattern: (Verb / Past Simple / Past Participle)
Ablaut (vowel change)
- sing / sang / sung
- know / knew / known
Endings (e.g., “-ought”)
- buy / bought / bought
- catch / caught / caught
Irregular endings without change
- hit / hit / hit
- let / let / let
These patterns are not universal and may not apply to all irregular verbs. However, they offer a starting point for understanding and learning these verbs more efficiently. Practice and memory are crucial for using new irregular verbs accurately in conversation and writing.
Examples of Common Irregular Verbs
Be:
- I am a student.
- She was a teacher.
- They have been friends for years.
Have:
- I have a car.
- She had a headache yesterday.
- They have had a lot of success.
Go:
- I go to the gym every day.
- She went to Paris last year.
- They have gone to the beach.
Do:
- I do my homework every day.
- She did not like the movie.
- They have done a great job.
Eat:
- I eat breakfast every morning.
- She ate sushi for lunch.
- They have eaten at that restaurant before.
Drink:
- I drink coffee every morning.
- She drank a glass of water.
- They have drunk a lot of beer.
Come:
- I come from Canada.
- She came to the party late.
- They have come a long way.
Run:
- I run five miles every day.
- She ran a marathon last year.
- They have run out of time.
Write:
- I write in my journal every day.
- She wrote a book last year.
- They have written many reports.
Break:
- I break things easily.
- She broke her arm.
- They have broken a few rules.
Take:
- I take the train to work.
- She took a vacation last month.
- They have taken many photos.
Speak:
- I speak English fluently.
- She spoke to the manager.
- They have spoken on the phone.
Swim:
- I swim in the pool every day.
- She swam across the lake.
- They have swum in the ocean.
See:
- I see my friends every weekend.
- She saw a movie last night.
- They have seen that show before.
Give:
- I give to charity every year.
- She gave me a present.
- They have given a lot of support.
Tips for Learning and Memorizing
1. Group common irregular verbs together
Some irregular verbs share similar patterns. Grouping these verbs can make memorization easier.
2. Prioritize the most common irregular verbs
Start with the 10 most common irregular verbs and gradually add more to your list.
3. Use flashcards
Create flashcards with the infinitive, past tense, and past participle forms of each verb. Flashcards help in reviewing and quizzing yourself.
4. Incorporate learning into everyday activities
Turn memorizing into a game or use irregular verbs in songs and rhythms. This makes learning fun and more likely to stick.
5. Learn in sentences
Use irregular verbs in various sentences and contexts to understand their meaning and usage better.
6. Display lists in visible locations
Place lists of irregular verbs on your desk, fridge, or bathroom mirror.
7. Seek feedback from others
Practice using irregular verbs with others and ask them for corrections to improve your understanding and confidence.
Irregular Verbs List Video
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